Later attacks on rail transport targets in the Ruhr proved costly because a new radar chain, known as the Kammhuber Line now stretched across the approaches to the Ruhr valley to alert the night fighter defences, which remained considerable. Greatly deficient in natural resources, Germany's economy traditionally relied on importing raw materials to manufacture goods for re-export, and she developed a reputation for producing high quality merchandise. The ECSC was the earliest formation of what later became today's European Union. The MEW became concerned at the "steady trickle" of Japanese blockade runners reaching Europe, which one estimate put at 15 ships by the end of 1942,[41] and on the anniversary of the German and Italian declarations of war on the US, General Tojo expressed his pleasure that Japan was able to contribute the resources captured in the South Pacific to the Axis cause. One example was the Mefo bill, a kind of IOU produced by the Reichsbank to pay armaments manufacturers but which was also accepted by German banks. In December 1940 Roosevelt, having won an historic third term as president declared that the U.S. would become the "Arsenal of Democracy", providing the weapons Britain and her Commonwealth needed without entering the war herself. Turkey eventually ended trade with Germany and declared war on her in February 1945. On 12 November the battleship Tirpitz was sunk by RAF Tallboy bombs near Troms, Norway. Former president Herbert Hoover, who had done much to alleviate the hunger of European children during World War I, wrote:[33]. [18], The Allies confiscated large amounts of German patents, copyrights and trademarks worth about 10 billion (1948) dollars.[13]. After World War Two, many didn't want Germany to have any armed forces at all So successful have outsiders been in demilitarising Germany - so sensitive are Germans about their warlike past -. The East German economy initially struggled compared to that of the West. By the end of September 1939, regular ocean convoys were in operation, outward from the Thames and Liverpool, and inwards from Gibraltar, Freetown and Halifax. Neutral ships were warned against joining Allied convoys, Scandinavian merchants were ordered to use the Kiel Canal to facilitate the German's own Contraband Control and the US City of Flint, which had rescued survivors of the Athenia became the first American ship captured as prize of war by the Germans, although the episode proved farcical and the ship was eventually returned to its owners.
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