[50] In 1800, France's Napoleon Bonaparte reacquired Louisiana from Spain in the Treaty of San Ildefonso, an arrangement kept secret for two years. When the United States won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, one of its major concerns was having a European power on its western boundary, and the need for unrestricted access to the Mississippi River. Through a peculiarity of the political geography of the United States, this is substantially less than the 9-mile (14km)-wide jurisdiction of nearby states Texas and Florida, which, like Louisiana, have extensive Gulf coastlines. During the decades after the American Revolutionary War, more than one million enslaved African Americans underwent forced migration from the Upper South to the Deep South, two thirds of them in the slave trade. Slaves were driven by traders overland from the Upper South or transported to New Orleans and other coastal markets by ship in the coastwise slave trade. [209], The Port of South Louisiana, located on the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge, was the largest volume shipping port in the Western Hemisphere and 4th largest in the world, as well as the largest bulk cargo port in the U.S. in 2004. 206-339-4941. Data show more diverse population". Following the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans riot the same year, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed that provided suffrage and full citizenship for freedmen. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge. Louisiana is a subsidized state, and Louisiana taxpayers receive more federal funding per dollar of federal taxes paid compared to the average state. [245] Tulane is also highly regarded for its academics nationwide, consistently ranked in the top 50 on U.S. News & World Report's list of best national universities. The mechanization of agriculture also reduced the need for laborers. The oldest rocks date back to the early Cenozoic Era, some 60 million years ago. [230] The oldest Louisiana manuscript to use the word "Creole", from 1782, applied it to a slave born in the French colony. ", "U.S. federal state of Louisianareal GDP 20002019", "Katrina Effect: LA Tops Nation in Income Growth", "Pew: Arizona, Louisiana among seven states that receive more federal dollars than state tax revenue", "Photos: The Los Isleos Fiesta celebrates Canary Island immigrants, cultural heritage of St. Bernard", "Indigenous Tribes of New Orleans & Louisiana", "The French Language in Louisiana Law and Legal Education: A Requiem", "Louisiana joins international organization of French-speaking governments", "UL Lafayette achieves Carnegie's prestigious R1 designation", "National University Rankings | Top National Universities | US News Best Colleges", "How 19-year-old Zack Kopplin is making life hell for Louisiana's creationists", "Private school enrollment falls 5% in Louisiana, even more in New Orleans, Baton Rouge areas", "Half of Louisiana's voucher students at D or F schools in program's first year, data shows", "Private school vouchers will be used to educate almost 9,000 Louisiana students", "Federal government has right to examine voucher assignments, judge says", "Louisiana sues federal government to repair erosion along Gulf Intracoastal Waterway", "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020", "Top 10 worst prisons in the United States Exploring-USA", "What is the Police Jury?
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