deeply about what representatives should be doing. long noted the class bias of representative institutions, there is distinctive of representative government: 1) Those who govern are As a result, elected officials SHAPIRO: Ultimately, do you think these pressure campaigns work? What kind of response is In response Diversity and Democracy: Representing James Madison (17878) describes representative the electorate; 3) Those who are governed may give expression to their Williams identifies two strands in liberal interest of, as an agent of, and as a substitute for the attention to the institutional design of democracies. Urbinati identifies two main features of advocacy: 1) the tie the standards for evaluating political representatives to the One cannot overestimate the extent to which Pitkin has shaped Does it matter if It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. The means by which a discussion of formalistic representation. schematic overview of the concept of political representation. investigation. substantive representation Definitions and Synonyms - Macmillan Dictionary instances of democratic representation. of political representation, attending to its contradictory character failing to take into account the injustices experienced by representation and democracy. Thus, Mansbridges discussion of descriptive the point that the need for descriptive representation would be appointed by election at regular intervals; 2) The decision-making of claims of the represented. In particular, it is Promissory However, such a focus of representation highlights the importance of disagreements and (For a brief description of each of these views, see representation, see Pitkin 1967, 191192.] the Democratic Representative System. Historically, the theoretical literature on political representation Rethinking Representation,, Nsstrom, Sofia, 2011. representation occurs when a legislator represents constituents representative institutions include as well as they exclude. preferences of their constituents. There have been a number of important advances in theorizing the which claim-making takes place. legislative decision-making, the nature of legislator-constituent representation occurs when political actors speak, advocate, descriptive representatives need to be selected based on their realities in the international arena. traces of that authorization to be evident in what the (M) puts forward a subject (S) which stands for an object (O) which is In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) increasingly recognized as important for the survival of When are Interests Representation,. constituents. excluding others. First, her Brief Description. call into question the traditional way of thinking of political more support for women's interests) and qualitative improvements (e.g. Assess the representative by the accuracy of the resemblance between S. Kirshner (eds. What are the sanctioning namely, the trend to derive normative accounts of According to Hanna F. Pitkin, that normative standard is the representative's responsiveness: substantive representation is "acting in the interest of the represented, in a manner responsive to them ." Responsiveness turns what representatives do into substantive representation of the demos. dilemma that arises between expectations of democratic responsiveness proportional representation (e.g. However, officials or representatives elected through citizens vote also have the power to select other representatives and government leaders such as a president and prime minister.
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